A systematic review and meta-analysis protocol examining the clinical characteristics and epidemiological features of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused recurring and major outbreaks in multiple human populations around the world. The plethora of clinical presentations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been described extensively, of which olfactory dysfunction (OD) was established as an important and common extrapulmonary manifestation of COVID-19 infection. The aim of this protocol is to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on peer-reviewed articles which described clinical data of OD in COVID-19 patients. METHODS: This research protocol has been prospectively registered with the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO; CRD42020196202). CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane Central, EMBASE, MEDLINE and PubMed, as well as Chinese medical databases China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP and WANFANG, will be searched using keywords including 'COVID-19', 'coronavirus disease', '2019-nCoV', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'novel coronavirus', 'anosmia', 'hyposmia', 'loss of smell', and 'olfactory dysfunction'. Systematic review and meta-analysis will be conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the Meta-analyses Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Articles will be screened according to pre-specified inclusion and exclusion criteria to extract studies that include new clinical data investigating the effect of COVID-19 on olfactory dysfunction. Included articles will be reviewed in full; data including patient demographics, clinical characteristics of COVID-19-related OD, methods of olfactory assessment and relevant clinical outcomes will be extracted. Statistical analyses will be performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 3. DISCUSSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis protocol will aim to collate and synthesise all available clinical evidence regarding COVID-19-related OD as an important neurosensory dysfunction of COVID-19 infection. A comprehensive search strategy and screening process will be conducted to incorporate broad clinical data for robust statistical analyses and representation. The outcome of the systematic review and meta-analysis will aim to improve our understanding of the symptomatology and clinical characteristics of COVID-19-related OD and identify knowledge gaps in its disease process, which will guide future research in this specific neurosensory defect. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020196202.

Effects of Music Therapy on Patients with Dementia-A Systematic Review.

Dementia is an increasingly common syndrome and while pharmacotherapy is available, its potential benefit is limited, especially in non-cognitive outcomes. Non-pharmacotherapy such as music therapy is potentially associated with improved outcomes. We assessed the effects of music therapy on patients with dementia to evaluate its potential benefits on dementia. Two independent reviewers searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for clinical trials, using the keywords "music therapy" and "dementia". Study outcomes included cognitive function, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), and quality of life. A total of 82 studies were included, of which 43 were interventional clinical trials, and 39 were systematic reviews or meta-analyses. Significant improvements in verbal fluency occurred after music therapy, with significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and apathy. There were no significant improvements in cognition or daily functioning, and the results on quality of life and agitation were ambiguous. Limitations of studies included low patient numbers, lack of standardized music therapy, and high heterogeneity in outcomes. More large-scale clinical trials would allow for clearer conclusions on the benefits of music therapy in patients with dementia.

New Directions in Pediatric Palliative Care Education for Preclinical Medical and Nursing Students.

OBJECTIVES: Since insufficient education has partially contributed to challenges in providing pediatric palliative care (PPC), a cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and educational needs of preclinical medical and nursing students in Hong Kong. METHODS: Pretested self-administered 44-item questionnaires with written informed consent were distributed to 241 medical and nursing students at Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, between February and March 2019. This questionnaire covered eleven categories related to participants' knowledge of and attitudes towards PPC. A convenience sampling method was used. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics, chi-squared, and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Only 38.3% of participants had heard of PPC before, but 73.5% advocated for its local commencement. A large number, with more in nursing, misunderstood fundamental palliative concepts and pain assessment methods. Many reported that undergraduate curricula should include PPC since they were not prepared to deal and cope with dying children. More medical students identified multidisciplinary approaches in PPC while less believed that they were mentally prepared to discuss death and dying. The majority indicated family as the final decision maker, even for teenage patients. Although a large proportion agreed that PPC should be delivered at home since the diagnosis of a life-limiting illness, only a few were aware of the suggested referral structure. CONCLUSIONS: Most healthcare students were supportive of PPC despite their limited exposure. PPC education on palliative principles, pain management, multidisciplinary approaches, and emotional coping skills is needed and welcomed among students.